有關(guān)說明文范文解析
說明文是對事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)果、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、功能等進行解釋、介紹、闡述的一種文體。這類文章的目的和性質(zhì)是客觀地介紹、解釋事物，使讀者獲得知識和信息，并不需要發(fā)表主張、做出證明。一般說來，知識簡介，商品介紹，旅游指南，科技讀物，工作總結(jié)，實驗報告，教材輔導(dǎo)等均屬說明文之列。
寫說明文，可以按時間、空間、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯順序來寫，也可以采取舉例、比較、對比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。
1.比較對照
比較對照有兩種，一是逐點比較，二是整塊比較，即AB交錯或先A后B：
1)逐點比較：多數(shù)人認為這種AB交錯的方式可以避免行文的單調(diào)沉悶，對比的.效果更鮮明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
2) 整塊比較
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
2.分類
分類是人類認識客觀世界的重要手段之一，也是描寫事物、解釋觀點最有效的方式之一。通過將一事物分類，可使復(fù)雜事物變得清晰明了，便于作者闡述自己的觀點。
分類段落的各類排列要條理，可采用從主要到次要，從次要到主要，從多到少或從少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
1) As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治觀點分為三類：保守、自由和溫和。
2) These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University . First of all, the tuition is reasonable. Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan, which lessons the load of peasant families like mine. Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program. My chief reason, however, is Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.
該段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者決定上Bingston大學(xué)的原因。
3) According to Mr. Li, the fifteen students of his class fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good students”. The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the class volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time. So Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind to their classmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the classroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “good comrades”. “What about yourself?” someone asks him. “I’m a group by myself ——a good observer”.
該段不同于以上兩段，不是先分類再解釋，而是先說明其特點，然后定義分類。雖分類并不科學(xué)，卻達到了其幽默之目的。
3.特征
例證指具體說明人或事物特點、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例證型段落的寫作方式多為先提出主題再列舉事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例證后面，根據(jù)情況還可以加上結(jié)論句。如：
In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances of smoking.
4 因果
因果是兩個事物之間的關(guān)系。一些說明文，議論文通過分析因果關(guān)系說明一個中心思想。如不能把因果關(guān)系解釋清楚，文章將無法說明任何主題。
因果型段落的擴展模式有兩種，一是分類編法，另一個是連環(huán)編排法。如果只討論成因或只討論結(jié)果，細節(jié)比較簡單，只需按其重要性或其邏輯順序進行編排。分類編排法指先討論原因，然后討論結(jié)果;或先討論結(jié)果，后討論原因。
1)分類編排法：
Music is my chief hobby. When I listen to music, good things happen to me. If I am lonely or homesick, I listen to pop music. The quick rhythm, the strong beats of drums lift my sprits. If I am familiar with a song, I will sing alone with it and my depression disappears. When I am bored or very tired, I listen to Mozart. His music makes me feel alive. Music also reminds me of home. Before I came to college, my sisters and I would listen to music and sing songs together and cheer us. Now I enjoy listening to music and singing with my roommates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family. For me, music is an excellent escape, and without it, I wouldn’t be so happy.
2) 連環(huán)編排法是先討論一組因果，再一組因果，再一組因果，形成一個鎖鏈。當(dāng)因果緊密相連，前一果為后一果之因時，經(jīng)常使用這種方式。
Students shouldn’t stay up so late. Because of the pressure of examinations, many students burn night candles. The next day, they have to get enough sleep. As a result, many of them get sleepy in class. They couldn’t catch what the teacher says. Not having studied their lessons well, they find it difficult to make good performance in examinations. So, it is not worthwhile to stay up late if you want to study well.
5.人物描寫
人物描寫包括外部特征、性格特征、思想狀態(tài)、行為語言等，用于表現(xiàn)人物精神面貌、披露人物內(nèi)心活動、揭示人物性格變化，借以突出作品主題思想。如：
My sister is a boyish girl. She has short and straight hair like a boy’s. She likes white, black and grey colors, as most boys do. She never cares for shirts, stockings but loves jackets and jeans. Sometimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shores as if she were a gentleman. Basketball and football are her favorite sports. She also enjoys watching boxing. She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match. When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” to other girls. The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for a boy many times. And she is pleased with that. She always says that she should be a boy.
第一句作者明確表示他眼中的妹妹是個男孩子氣十足的小姑娘。這樣讀者大都會在心中勾畫出一種從長相、穿著到言談舉止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通過穿著、外貌和性格等方面向讀者展現(xiàn)一個活生生的人物形象。
6.地點描寫
地點描寫指用生動形象的語言對某一地點、某一環(huán)境進行具體逼真的描繪，使讀者如臨其境、如睹其物。地點描寫的對象可大可小，在可以為城市、國家，小可是一間教室，一個房間。
地點描寫自然按空間順序排列，作者應(yīng)立足于一個出發(fā)點，由遠及近，由近到遠，從里到外，從外到里，由左到右，或由右到左進行描寫，順序不可混亂，否則讀者會迷失方向。如下面一段作者從大門開始，由外向里逐步介紹學(xué)校的布置，讀者如同跟著作者參觀了一所校園。
Now I will show you around our school. It is one of the largest middle schools in the city. When you step into the gate, you will see a beautiful flower bed before you. In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it. If you walk along the school road, you will come to the playground, on each side of which are rows of trees. We often read books under the trees. On the right of the playground are two classroom buildings. On the left is the newly-built four-storied building. I’m lucky to study here. I love my school very much.
7.物體描寫
描寫物體時應(yīng)側(cè)重物的形狀、規(guī)格大小、顏色和功能。任何一段文字都應(yīng)有敘述的中心，對物的描寫也不例外。同樣，主題句也應(yīng)反映出作者對所要描寫物體的看法、態(tài)度。如：
The first thing I notice in the bride’s room is the beautiful curtain. This curtain is patchwork in design, and is sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white, light green, brown and orange. It is made of silk, trimmed with delicate braids. It is about six feet long and hangs from a wooden rail. The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.
通過主題句可以看出作者想向讀者描寫的是一幅漂亮的窗簾。
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